Deprecated: preg_match(): Passing null to parameter #2 ($subject) of type string is deprecated in /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/includes/libs/rdbms/lbfactory/LBFactory.php on line 711

Deprecated: Return type of MediaWiki\Session\PHPSessionHandler::open($save_path, $session_name) should either be compatible with SessionHandlerInterface::open(string $path, string $name): bool, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/includes/session/PHPSessionHandler.php on line 181

Deprecated: Return type of MediaWiki\Session\PHPSessionHandler::close() should either be compatible with SessionHandlerInterface::close(): bool, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/includes/session/PHPSessionHandler.php on line 196

Deprecated: Return type of MediaWiki\Session\PHPSessionHandler::read($id) should either be compatible with SessionHandlerInterface::read(string $id): string|false, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/includes/session/PHPSessionHandler.php on line 210

Deprecated: Return type of MediaWiki\Session\PHPSessionHandler::write($id, $dataStr) should either be compatible with SessionHandlerInterface::write(string $id, string $data): bool, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/includes/session/PHPSessionHandler.php on line 238

Deprecated: Return type of MediaWiki\Session\PHPSessionHandler::destroy($id) should either be compatible with SessionHandlerInterface::destroy(string $id): bool, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/includes/session/PHPSessionHandler.php on line 344

Deprecated: Return type of MediaWiki\Session\PHPSessionHandler::gc($maxlifetime) should either be compatible with SessionHandlerInterface::gc(int $max_lifetime): int|false, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/includes/session/PHPSessionHandler.php on line 365

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 394

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Deprecated: Return type of MediaWiki\Session\Session::count() should either be compatible with Countable::count(): int, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/includes/session/Session.php on line 587

Deprecated: Return type of MediaWiki\Session\Session::current() should either be compatible with Iterator::current(): mixed, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/includes/session/Session.php on line 593

Deprecated: Return type of MediaWiki\Session\Session::next() should either be compatible with Iterator::next(): void, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/includes/session/Session.php on line 605

Deprecated: Return type of MediaWiki\Session\Session::key() should either be compatible with Iterator::key(): mixed, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/includes/session/Session.php on line 599

Deprecated: Return type of MediaWiki\Session\Session::valid() should either be compatible with Iterator::valid(): bool, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/includes/session/Session.php on line 617

Deprecated: Return type of MediaWiki\Session\Session::rewind() should either be compatible with Iterator::rewind(): void, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/includes/session/Session.php on line 611

Deprecated: Return type of MediaWiki\Session\Session::offsetExists($offset) should either be compatible with ArrayAccess::offsetExists(mixed $offset): bool, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/includes/session/Session.php on line 627

Deprecated: Return type of & MediaWiki\Session\Session::offsetGet($offset) should either be compatible with ArrayAccess::offsetGet(mixed $offset): mixed, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/includes/session/Session.php on line 640

Deprecated: Return type of MediaWiki\Session\Session::offsetSet($offset, $value) should either be compatible with ArrayAccess::offsetSet(mixed $offset, mixed $value): void, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/includes/session/Session.php on line 650

Deprecated: Return type of MediaWiki\Session\Session::offsetUnset($offset) should either be compatible with ArrayAccess::offsetUnset(mixed $offset): void, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/includes/session/Session.php on line 655

Deprecated: Using ${var} in strings is deprecated, use {$var} instead in /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/includes/parser/Parser.php on line 4713

Deprecated: Using ${var} in strings is deprecated, use {$var} instead in /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/includes/parser/Parser.php on line 4716

Deprecated: Using ${var} in strings is deprecated, use {$var} instead in /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/includes/parser/Parser.php on line 4722

Deprecated: Using ${var} in strings is deprecated, use {$var} instead in /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/includes/parser/Parser.php on line 4724

Deprecated: MapCacheLRU implements the Serializable interface, which is deprecated. Implement __serialize() and __unserialize() instead (or in addition, if support for old PHP versions is necessary) in /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/includes/libs/MapCacheLRU.php on line 37

Warning: Private methods cannot be final as they are never overridden by other classes in /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/includes/actions/Action.php on line 69

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 394

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Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 561

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Deprecated: Message implements the Serializable interface, which is deprecated. Implement __serialize() and __unserialize() instead (or in addition, if support for old PHP versions is necessary) in /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/includes/language/Message.php on line 162

Deprecated: RawMessage implements the Serializable interface, which is deprecated. Implement __serialize() and __unserialize() instead (or in addition, if support for old PHP versions is necessary) in /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/includes/RawMessage.php on line 34

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 561

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Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 561

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Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 561

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 561

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Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 561

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 561

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 561

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Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 561

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Deprecated: Return type of MobileFrontend\Features\UserModes::getIterator() should either be compatible with IteratorAggregate::getIterator(): Traversable, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/extensions/MobileFrontend/includes/features/UserModes.php on line 45

Deprecated: str_replace(): Passing null to parameter #3 ($subject) of type array|string is deprecated in /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/includes/libs/objectcache/MediumSpecificBagOStuff.php on line 890

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 561

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 561

Deprecated: str_replace(): Passing null to parameter #3 ($subject) of type array|string is deprecated in /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/includes/libs/objectcache/MediumSpecificBagOStuff.php on line 890

Warning: Cannot modify header information - headers already sent by (output started at /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/includes/session/Session.php:48) in /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/includes/WebResponse.php on line 72

Warning: Cannot modify header information - headers already sent by (output started at /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/includes/session/Session.php:48) in /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/includes/WebResponse.php on line 72

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 561

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 561

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 561

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 561

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 561

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 561

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 561

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 561

Deprecated: Using ${var} in strings is deprecated, use {$var} instead in /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/skins/MinervaNeue/includes/menu/Group.php on line 79

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 561

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 561

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 561

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 561

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 561

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 561

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 561

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 561

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 561

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 561

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 561

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 561

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 561

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 561

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 561

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 561

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 561

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 561

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 561

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 561

Deprecated: trim(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/includes/skins/SkinTemplate.php on line 319

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 561

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 561

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 561

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 561

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 561

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 561

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 561

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 561

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 561

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 561

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 561

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 561

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 561

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 561

Deprecated: Return type of RemexHtml\Tokenizer\PlainAttributes::offsetExists($key) should either be compatible with ArrayAccess::offsetExists(mixed $offset): bool, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/vendor/wikimedia/remex-html/RemexHtml/Tokenizer/PlainAttributes.php on line 24

Deprecated: Return type of & RemexHtml\Tokenizer\PlainAttributes::offsetGet($key) should either be compatible with ArrayAccess::offsetGet(mixed $offset): mixed, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/vendor/wikimedia/remex-html/RemexHtml/Tokenizer/PlainAttributes.php on line 28

Deprecated: Return type of RemexHtml\Tokenizer\PlainAttributes::offsetSet($key, $value) should either be compatible with ArrayAccess::offsetSet(mixed $offset, mixed $value): void, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/vendor/wikimedia/remex-html/RemexHtml/Tokenizer/PlainAttributes.php on line 32

Deprecated: Return type of RemexHtml\Tokenizer\PlainAttributes::offsetUnset($key) should either be compatible with ArrayAccess::offsetUnset(mixed $offset): void, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/vendor/wikimedia/remex-html/RemexHtml/Tokenizer/PlainAttributes.php on line 39

Deprecated: Return type of RemexHtml\Tokenizer\PlainAttributes::getIterator() should either be compatible with IteratorAggregate::getIterator(): Traversable, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/vendor/wikimedia/remex-html/RemexHtml/Tokenizer/PlainAttributes.php on line 44

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 561

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Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 561

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 561

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 561

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 561

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 561

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 561

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Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 561

Deprecated: ctype_digit(): Argument of type bool will be interpreted as string in the future in /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/includes/libs/objectcache/wancache/WANObjectCache.php on line 2181

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 561

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 561

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 561

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 561

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 561

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 561

Deprecated: ctype_digit(): Argument of type bool will be interpreted as string in the future in /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/includes/libs/objectcache/wancache/WANObjectCache.php on line 2181

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 561

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Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 561

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 561

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 561

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 561

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 561

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 561

Deprecated: ctype_digit(): Argument of type bool will be interpreted as string in the future in /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/includes/libs/objectcache/wancache/WANObjectCache.php on line 2181

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 561

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 561

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 561

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 561

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 561

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 561

Deprecated: ctype_digit(): Argument of type bool will be interpreted as string in the future in /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/includes/libs/objectcache/wancache/WANObjectCache.php on line 2181

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 561

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 561

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 561

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 561

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 561

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 561

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 561

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 561

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 561

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 561

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 561

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 561

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 561

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 561

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 561

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 561

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 561

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 561

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 561

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 561

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 561

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 561

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 561

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 561

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 561

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 561

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 561

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 561

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 561

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 561

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 561

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 561

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 561

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 561

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 561

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 561

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 561

Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /home/nectmooi/public_html/abhishek/wikidifferences/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 561

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Difference Between Biological Heart Valves And Artificial Heart Valves - wikidifferences
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Difference Between Biological Heart Valves And Artificial Heart Valves

Heart valves play an important physiological function of maintaining unidirectional unimpeded forward flow through the heart and from the heart into the major blood vessels connected to the heart, the pulmonary artery and the aorta. However, when natural valves become dysfunctional due to variety of pathological causes, a partial or complete surgical replacement of the natural heart valve with a heart valve prosthesis (artificial heart valves) becomes important. There are three main types of artificial heart valves: the mechanical, the biological, and the tissue engineered valves. The differences between mechanical and biological heart valves are tabulated below:


Biological Heart Valves Mechanical Heart Valves
Biological valves are valves of animals, like pigs, which undergo several chemical procedures in order to make them suitable for implantation in the human heart. A homograft, or allograft, is a heart valve obtained from a human donor. A mechanical valve is carefully designed to mimic a native heart valve. There are three major types of mechanical valves – caged-ball, tilting-disk, and bileaflet – with many modifications on these designs.
BHVs have a limited lifespan. Traditional tissue valves, made of pig heart valves, will last on average 15 years before they require replacement. Mechanical heart valves have been traditionally considered to be more durable in comparison to their bioprosthetic counterparts.
The primary advantage of tissue (biological) valves is their lower requirement for anticoagulation therapy. To prevent blood clots from developing on the mechanical valve, anticoagulation medicine (blood thinners) have to be taken daily. The dosage of this medication is different for each person. International normalized ratio (INR) tests measure the time it takes for blood to clot and compares it to an average.

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